For over two decades, Clark Physics Professor Arshad Kudrolli has studied the flow of fluids and gases that erode and reshape the Earth underground. His foundational research contributes to identifying new energy and water sources, preventing human-induced earthquakes during fracking, and storing carbon beneath the land, allowing industries to avoid releasing CO₂ into the air.
Now, funded by a two-year, $125,000 New Directions grant from American Chemical Society’s Petroleum Research Fund, Kudrolli will introduce AI — specifically, “physics-informed neural networks” — to develop models that will be tested via physical experiments in the lab. Working with a Ph.D. student and undergraduate funded by the grant, he seeks to develop a more efficient, accurate process to reconstruct and predict changes in porous rocks and sand beneath the Earth’s surface, pinpointing underground flows of hydrocarbons and water.
“The materials underneath us are constantly evolving, shaped by flows due to the interaction between water and sediments. Pores open or close, depending on whether there is erosion or deposition,” he explains.
“With advances in computers and training models, we can explore questions we were not previously able to. For example, if I measure the speed of the flow in certain places, and give the neural network these references, can I reconstruct what the entire basin looks like, even in regions I do not have access to?”
However, human-brain-inspired neural networks — which scientists train to search for patterns in huge amounts of data — are not always smart. If the research team were to feed data on underground structures and fluid flow to a neural network, “it would make wild guesses and completely ignore the physics, which is important in determining these flows,” Kudrolli says.
To avoid these miscalculations, the researchers will introduce Darcy’s Law — the equation used to describe how fluids flow through porous earth — as constraints on the neural network, forcing it “to respect the underlying physics,” he says.
“This is a significant departure from purely data-driven machine learning models that don’t consider underlying physical principles,” Kudrolli explains.
“We know more about faraway galaxies than we do about the Earth just a few miles underneath us.”
— professor arshad kudrolli
Ultimately, this AI-driven modeling could make underground exploration projects less expensive and invasive, he says. Applying the laws of physics, the neural network could discard nonsensical or improbable scenarios, and surveyors could become more precise in their explorations for water and hydrocarbons.
“Instead of a surveyor digging everywhere and destroying the field to determine where fluids are located, we can start with computers,” Kudrolli explains. “We can give the neural network a few data points to determine where a surveyor might dig a hole for measuring and figuring out what is hidden beneath the surface.”
Although their research could contribute to identifying new pockets of hydrocarbons like oil and gas, Kudrolli says he’s even more excited about the potential to uncover additional sources of water underground.
“As time goes on, water will become more challenging than petroleum. There will be a point where we may not need as much petroleum, but we will certainly need clean water,” he says. Access to clean water now affects three-quarters of the world’s population, according to the United Nations University’s Institute for Water, Environment and Health.
Kudrolli’s research team could explore questions crucial to uncovering new water sources, he says, like, “How is the subsurface shaped, which determines how the water flows? Or if you have a pollutant at one location underground, how far does it spread?”
Answering such questions and making predictions about shifts in the subsurface could ultimately help us adapt as the Earth changes, he points out.
“We know more about faraway galaxies,” Kudrolli says, “than we do about the Earth just a few miles underneath us.”
