{"id":21042,"date":"2025-04-29T15:40:02","date_gmt":"2025-04-29T19:40:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/news\/?post_type=story&#038;p=21042"},"modified":"2025-10-06T12:52:19","modified_gmt":"2025-10-06T16:52:19","slug":"space-culture-violence-professor-explores-alternative-history-of-colonial-maps","status":"publish","type":"story","link":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/news\/2025\/04\/29\/space-culture-violence-professor-explores-alternative-history-of-colonial-maps\/","title":{"rendered":"Space. Culture. Violence. Professor explores alternative history of colonial maps"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n<p>In his classes on Indigenous and colonial American history, Professor Nathan Braccio assigns students a research paper that explores the past of a place they know well \u2014 or, at least, thought they did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Through a \u201chistory of place\u201d assignment, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/faculty\/profiles\/nathan-braccio\/\">Braccio<\/a> asks students to \u201cthink about a place in the colonial or post-Columbus period \u2014 anywhere in the U.S. that\u2019s significant to them \u2014 so they can begin to understand that their place has an Indigenous history, and a history of colonial invasion,\u201d he says, \u201cbut also was a place of Indigenous power and, sometimes, Indigenous resistance and persistence.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns sidebar is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>Knowing the history of a place results in a deeper understanding and connection with it, says Braccio, who joined Clark in fall 2024 as assistant professor of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/departments\/history\/\">history<\/a>. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/programs\/major\/history-ba\/\">Major in history<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cAs you look out your window or walk around campus,\u201d for instance, \u201cyou\u2019re not just in Worcester, you\u2019re in the Nipmuc homelands. This is a place that became Worcester, and in the process of becoming Worcester, that involved a major set of transformations.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Braccio developed his own sense of place while growing up in Connecticut and Maine. It informs his scholarship:&nbsp;investigating \u201cthe cultural negotiations among Northeastern Indigenous peoples and the New England colonists in the 1600s and early 1700s.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n<iframe allow=\"autoplay *; encrypted-media *; fullscreen *; clipboard-write\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"175\" style=\"border:0;width:100%;max-width:800px;overflow:hidden;background:transparent;\" sandbox=\"allow-forms allow-popups allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-storage-access-by-user-activation allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation\" src=\"https:\/\/embed.podcasts.apple.com\/us\/podcast\/how-maps-can-erase-or-unify-with-history-professor\/id1608025510?i=1000704921711\"><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Integrating his lifelong love of maps<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>When he entered a Ph.D. program at the University of Connecticut, Braccio hoped to integrate his lifelong love of maps and cartography with a study of escaped, enslaved people in Florida and South Carolina.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThat is where I first began to think about maps in terms of my research and in terms of an alternate geography, the kind of different landscapes that these escaped enslaved people lived in,\u201d he recalls. \u201cTo them, a swamp was not a dangerous place but a haven and a refuge, and that set them apart from colonists. That is when I began to think about the existence of an alternative map versus the established English map.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As he examined historical records, Braccio refocused his efforts on New England, discovering that it harbored a long-hidden, but fascinating, Indigenous history of map-making. \u201cLooking at the place I thought I knew, but in a different way, added resonance and drew me in further,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Maps play a central role in the colonization and settlement of the Northeast, and in his dissertation research, Braccio first sought to \u201cidentify all the ways in which Europeans had erased or ignored Indigenous presence and think of the maps as these tools of erasure.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But in his study of the maps from the 1600s \u2014 many of which are housed in the Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island state archives and identify boundary lines that are still used for towns today \u2014 he discovered a different story.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cI quickly found that Indigenous people were present on English maps and land records as sources of authority,\u201d Braccio says. \u201cI wondered why, and that sent me further into studying these broader ideas of spatial culture to try to understand what was going on.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1939\" src=\"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/Map-of-Menuncketuck-1639-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Map of Menuncketuck drawn in ink by Shaumpishuh and her uncle Quassaquanch, with additions from Henry Whitfield and Jon Higgenson, 1639. (Massachusetts Historical Society)\" class=\"wp-image-21046\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/Map-of-Menuncketuck-1639-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/Map-of-Menuncketuck-1639-300x227.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/Map-of-Menuncketuck-1639-1024x776.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/Map-of-Menuncketuck-1639-768x582.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/Map-of-Menuncketuck-1639-1536x1163.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/Map-of-Menuncketuck-1639-2048x1551.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/Map-of-Menuncketuck-1639-1200x909.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Map of Menuncketuck drawn in ink by Shaumpishuh and her uncle Quassaquanch, with additions from Henry Whitfield and Jon Higgenson, 1639. (Massachusetts Historical Society)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u2018Creating New England, Defending the Northeast\u2019<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Braccio\u2019s investigation led to his first book, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.umasspress.com\/9781625349149\/creating-new-england-defending-the-northeast\/\">\u201cCreating New England, Defending the Northeast: Algonquian and English Contested Spatial Worlds, 1500-1700,\u201d<\/a> soon to be published by the University of Massachusetts Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe common English weren\u2019t map-making people, and they brought that lack of interest with them to the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies,\u201d according to Braccio. Because the early Puritan settlers emphasized community and cooperation, just as they had in England, they had no need for maps when they first settled here in the 1630s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Algonquian people, on the other hand, \u201chad a pre-existing mapmaking tradition in the Northeast,\u201d he says. \u201cIn fact, they were making maps before colonists made maps, and their mapmaking tradition likely extended long before encountering the English.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>\u201cWhen an English person held an Algonquian map, writing their own words on it, they transformed the map about sovereignty and Indigenous authority into a record of private English private property and ownership.\u201d<\/p><cite>\u2014 nathan braccio<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>In his book, Braccio says, he seeks to describe how \u201cAlgonquian expertise about the land and about space gave them influence and power in their dealings with English colonists, who came to the Northeast without an epistemology suited to the new landscape \u2014\u00a0a system of knowledge that allowed them to understand, to measure, and even navigate the Northeastern landscape. They became reliant on Indigenous people, who were able to use that reliance in various ways.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Historical records indicate that the Algonquian first drew maps with charcoal on bark or with rocks in the sand. The earliest, still-existing Algonquian map on paper dates to 1638, according to Braccio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sachems \u2014 the leaders of Indigenous \u201cpolities\u201d \u2014 used the maps as diplomatic tools when meeting English settlers and also as a way to declare sovereignty over lands, separate from other Algonquian villages, he says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWhen they encountered English people who didn\u2019t speak northeastern Algonquian languages, they used maps to facilitate cross-cultural communication,\u201d Braccio says. \u201cMaps and this top-down view are recognizable to both groups. In the lines, they both see coastlines and rivers. The semiotics of the maps are shared between these two cultures, something that I think is really fascinating \u2014 that two cultures, separated by at least 20,000 years, can make a symbol on a map and recognize and share that symbol.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How the English appropriated Algonquian maps<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>According to Braccio, English settlers wrote on Algonquian maps, turning them into \u201chybrids\u201d from both cultures. Often, they would sign their names or even copy the Algonquian maps, claiming them as their own.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWhen an English person held an Algonquian map, writing their own words on it,\u201d Braccio explains, \u201cthey transformed the map about sovereignty and Indigenous authority into a record of private English private property and ownership. They attempted to appropriate these maps, which would go to English courts as a way of saying \u2018here&#8217;s our evidence of our borders.\u2019 \u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One example of a transformed, \u201chybrid\u201d map is that of Menuncketuck, on the Connecticut coast. The map is drawn in ink by two Algonquian sachems, Shaumpishuh and her uncle Quassaquanch, for the sale of land in 1639 to the Rev. Henry Whitfield and other English colonists.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe map was their way of defining who owned what land and which lands Shaumpishuh would retain control over after the sale,\u201d Braccio <a href=\"https:\/\/web.sas.upenn.edu\/earlyamericanstudies\/2022\/03\/13\/quassaquanchs-and-shaumpishuhs-1639-map-of-the-connecticut-coast\/\">writes<\/a> in an article for <em>Miscellany<\/em>, a publication from the McNeil Center for Early American Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. \u201cAfter sketching it, the sachems relayed the names of various territories that existed between the rivers and stream to Whitfield and his scribe [Jon Higgenson], who labeled the map. Whitfield then made his own document \u2014 an English-style deed \u2014 to record the transaction.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Instead of allowing the Algonquian people to maintain the reserved land, the English claimed it. The parcel would become part of the village that Whitfield founded \u2014\u00a0Guilford, Connecticut \u2014 and eventually Braccio\u2019s hometown. The map is included with the town\u2019s charter from 1638, defining borders still used today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Later, as a historian, Braccio would learn that the year before, during the Pequot War, the English and their Indigenous allies had \u201ckilled a number of people on Shaumpishuh\u2019s land and put their heads on display in her territory,\u201d he says. But \u201cwe have this document that we now pretend is evidence of some harmonious relationship.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sachem\u2019s Head is now a spot of land where people hike in Guilford \u2014 and where \u201cwe know the records do mention at least one sachem being decapitated and their head being placed on display,\u201d Braccio says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"560\" src=\"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/Pilgrims-Massachusetts-1024x560.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of Pilgrims going to church in the snow and carrying rifles.\" class=\"wp-image-21047\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/Pilgrims-Massachusetts-1024x560.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/Pilgrims-Massachusetts-300x164.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/Pilgrims-Massachusetts-768x420.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/Pilgrims-Massachusetts-1536x840.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/Pilgrims-Massachusetts-2048x1120.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/Pilgrims-Massachusetts-1200x656.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">In his study of Puritan New England, History Professor Nathan Braccio uncovered much strife and violence over land. \u201cIt\u2019s interesting to me because it presents a very different picture of these New England colonists, not as the kind of religious people you encounter in these funny hats in Massachusetts, but as extremely violent and brutal people.&#8221; Above, an illustration of Pilgrims going to church, rifles in hand. (The engraving is based on a 19th-century picture by G.H. Boughton.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Increased violence among English settlers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>By the later 17<sup>th<\/sup> century, maps had become even more important to the English settlers. England had begun transitioning to privately held land, and the colonies soon followed. \u201cThe English felt like they had gained military control, and their numbers were growing rapidly,\u201d Braccio says. \u201cThey begin to anglicize the landscape. They had a concentrated goal of making it feel more English and more familiar to them.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Colonists felt pressure to find \u201cgood land,\u201d he says, realizing, \u201cI can be my own king in this space.\u201d &nbsp;Strife and violence increased \u2014 farmers removed land markers and attacked each other with pitchforks and other tools of the trade, according to Braccio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Algonquian mapmakers saw an opportunity, he explains, saying, \u201cYou\u2019re fighting amongst each other. We can provide you with the legal evidence you need in your land disputes, but we need to have a voice in these conversations.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But by the 1680s, according to Braccio, a new wave of professional English surveyors \u201cbrought more standardized cartographic survey and land systems to the Northeast,\u201d eliminating the colonists\u2019 need for Algonquian mapmaking and surveying. It also ended the blend of Indigenous and English spatial cultures that were \u201cin negotiation with each other, shifting and changing in response to the other one.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Braccio\u2019s next project will explore what he calls the \u201cculture of violence\u201d in Puritan colonial society in southeastern Connecticut and in Rhode Island \u2014 something he encountered in the historical documents he examined for his first book.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s interesting to me because it presents a very different picture of these New England colonists,\u201d he says, \u201cnot as the kind of religious people you encounter in these funny hats in Massachusetts, but as extremely violent and brutal people. Land was everything to them, and they were willing to fight over it, even kill each other over it. Land-based violence is a major part of colonial life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cMaps may seem like these relatively stationary, archival records,\u201d Braccio adds. \u201cBut they are part of acrimonious and sometimes lethal disputes in in the colonies over a few acres.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>\u201cOne of the things that has changed in maps is the ways that they reflect our different set of values or assumptions about the land, because that is at its heart what a map is doing.\u201d<\/p><cite>\u2014 nathan braccio<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p>At top, History Professor Nathan Braccio in his office, surrounded by maps. <em>Photo by Steven King<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Knowing the history of a place results in a deeper understanding and connection with it, says Professor Nathan Braccio.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":21043,"template":"","meta":{"story_color":"var(--clarku-color-blue)","story_headerImg":21043,"section_label":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[225],"displayed_author":[503],"featured":[493],"topic":[160,181,271,162],"class_list":["post-21042","story","type-story","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-arts-humanities","displayed_author-meredith-woodward-king-with-podcast-by-melissa-hanson","featured-primary","topic-faculty-research","topic-history","topic-north-america","topic-research"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.2 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Space. Culture. Violence. Professor explores alternative history of colonial maps | ClarkU News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/news\/2025\/04\/29\/space-culture-violence-professor-explores-alternative-history-of-colonial-maps\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Space. Culture. Violence. 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Professor explores alternative history of colonial maps","og_description":"Knowing the history of a place results in a deeper understanding and connection with it, says Professor Nathan Braccio.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/news\/2025\/04\/29\/space-culture-violence-professor-explores-alternative-history-of-colonial-maps\/","og_site_name":"ClarkU News","article_modified_time":"2025-10-06T16:52:19+00:00","og_image":[{"width":2500,"height":1667,"url":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/Nathan_Braccio_Feb_2025-1-web.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"8 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/news\/2025\/04\/29\/space-culture-violence-professor-explores-alternative-history-of-colonial-maps\/","url":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/news\/2025\/04\/29\/space-culture-violence-professor-explores-alternative-history-of-colonial-maps\/","name":"Space. 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Professor explores alternative history of colonial maps | ClarkU News","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/news\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/news\/2025\/04\/29\/space-culture-violence-professor-explores-alternative-history-of-colonial-maps\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/news\/2025\/04\/29\/space-culture-violence-professor-explores-alternative-history-of-colonial-maps\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/Nathan_Braccio_Feb_2025-1-web.jpg","datePublished":"2025-04-29T19:40:02+00:00","dateModified":"2025-10-06T16:52:19+00:00","inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/news\/2025\/04\/29\/space-culture-violence-professor-explores-alternative-history-of-colonial-maps\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/news\/2025\/04\/29\/space-culture-violence-professor-explores-alternative-history-of-colonial-maps\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/Nathan_Braccio_Feb_2025-1-web.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/37\/Nathan_Braccio_Feb_2025-1-web.jpg","width":2500,"height":1667,"caption":"History Professor Nathan Braccio with some of the maps he studies. 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