{"id":256,"date":"2024-05-17T19:07:20","date_gmt":"2024-05-17T23:07:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/italian-bolshevism-postcard\/"},"modified":"2026-03-02T15:12:51","modified_gmt":"2026-03-02T20:12:51","slug":"italian-bolshevism-postcard","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/post-cards\/italian-bolshevism-postcard\/","title":{"rendered":"Italian Bolshevism"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Accession Number:\u00a0<\/strong>2022.02.13.12<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Historical background:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Bolshevik radical communist party within the Russian Social Democratic Labour party emerged during the 1903 Party Congress following the split with the more moderate Mensheviks. After a period of intermittent collaboration and schism with the latter, the Bolshevik Party was formally constituted in 1912.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In October 1917, the Bolshevik Party won a majority in the revolutionary workers&#8217; councils (soviets) which had been formed throughout Russia following the February Revolution. It subsequently organized the October Revolution, which overthrew the Provisional Government, replacing the Provisional Government with a state power under the control of the soviets, led by the Bolsheviks along with other left-wing socialists.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bolshevism (derived from Bolshevik) is a revolutionary socialist current of Soviet Leninist and later Marxist\u2013Leninist political thought and political regime associated with the formation of a rigidly centralized, cohesive and disciplined party of social revolution, focused on overthrowing the existing capitalist state system, seizing power and establishing the &#8220;dictatorship of the proletariat&#8221;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Italy initially did not believe in the same eugenics ideas as Nazi Germany. By 1938 Mussolini began to support racist policies like the \u201cManifesto of Race\u201d. Mussolini also declared that there was no Jewish question or antisemitism in Italy. In the beginning of World War II Italy was seen as a safe haven for Jews. However as soon as 1934 Jews and Bolshevist were being removed from state organizations and institutions.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><br style=\"font-weight: 400\" \/><br style=\"font-weight: 400\" \/><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Accession Number:\u00a02022.02.13.12 Historical background: The Bolshevik radical communist party within the Russian Social Democratic Labour party emerged during the 1903 Party Congress following the split with the more moderate Mensheviks. After a period of intermittent collaboration and schism with the latter, the Bolshevik Party was formally constituted in 1912. In October 1917, the Bolshevik Party [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":125,"featured_media":257,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"post-with-featured-image","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-256","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-post-cards"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.2 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Italian Bolshevism | Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies | Clark University<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/post-cards\/italian-bolshevism-postcard\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Italian Bolshevism\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Accession Number:\u00a02022.02.13.12 Historical background: The Bolshevik radical communist party within the Russian Social Democratic Labour party emerged during the 1903 Party Congress following the split with the more moderate Mensheviks. After a period of intermittent collaboration and schism with the latter, the Bolshevik Party was formally constituted in 1912. In October 1917, the Bolshevik Party [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/post-cards\/italian-bolshevism-postcard\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ClarkUniversityWorcester\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-05-17T23:07:20+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-03-02T20:12:51+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/119\/tempImageFWsZYk-scaled-1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1750\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@clarkuniversity\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@clarkuniversity\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Jemimah Tendo\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.clarku.edu\\\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\\\/post-cards\\\/italian-bolshevism-postcard\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.clarku.edu\\\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\\\/post-cards\\\/italian-bolshevism-postcard\\\/\"},\"headline\":\"Italian Bolshevism\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-05-17T23:07:20+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-03-02T20:12:51+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.clarku.edu\\\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\\\/post-cards\\\/italian-bolshevism-postcard\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":229,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.clarku.edu\\\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\\\/post-cards\\\/italian-bolshevism-postcard\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.clarku.edu\\\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/119\\\/tempImageFWsZYk-scaled-1.avif\",\"articleSection\":[\"Post Cards\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.clarku.edu\\\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\\\/post-cards\\\/italian-bolshevism-postcard\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.clarku.edu\\\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\\\/post-cards\\\/italian-bolshevism-postcard\\\/\",\"name\":\"Italian Bolshevism | Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies | Clark University\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.clarku.edu\\\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.clarku.edu\\\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\\\/post-cards\\\/italian-bolshevism-postcard\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.clarku.edu\\\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\\\/post-cards\\\/italian-bolshevism-postcard\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.clarku.edu\\\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/119\\\/tempImageFWsZYk-scaled-1.avif\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-05-17T23:07:20+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-03-02T20:12:51+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.clarku.edu\\\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/aa36d7a8379895f0f90bcf6df29e8169\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.clarku.edu\\\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\\\/post-cards\\\/italian-bolshevism-postcard\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.clarku.edu\\\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\\\/post-cards\\\/italian-bolshevism-postcard\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.clarku.edu\\\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/119\\\/tempImageFWsZYk-scaled-1.avif\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.clarku.edu\\\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/119\\\/tempImageFWsZYk-scaled-1.avif\",\"width\":1750,\"height\":2560},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.clarku.edu\\\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\\\/wp-json\\\/wp\\\/v2\\\/posts\\\/256#breadcrumbs\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":0,\"name\":\"ClarkU\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.clarku.edu\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.clarku.edu\\\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.clarku.edu\\\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.clarku.edu\\\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\\\/\",\"name\":\"Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.clarku.edu\\\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Italian Bolshevism | Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies | Clark University","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/post-cards\/italian-bolshevism-postcard\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Italian Bolshevism","og_description":"Accession Number:\u00a02022.02.13.12 Historical background: The Bolshevik radical communist party within the Russian Social Democratic Labour party emerged during the 1903 Party Congress following the split with the more moderate Mensheviks. After a period of intermittent collaboration and schism with the latter, the Bolshevik Party was formally constituted in 1912. In October 1917, the Bolshevik Party [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/post-cards\/italian-bolshevism-postcard\/","og_site_name":"Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ClarkUniversityWorcester","article_published_time":"2024-05-17T23:07:20+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-03-02T20:12:51+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1750,"height":2560,"url":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/119\/tempImageFWsZYk-scaled-1.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@clarkuniversity","twitter_site":"@clarkuniversity","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Jemimah Tendo","Est. reading time":"2 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/post-cards\/italian-bolshevism-postcard\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/post-cards\/italian-bolshevism-postcard\/"},"headline":"Italian Bolshevism","datePublished":"2024-05-17T23:07:20+00:00","dateModified":"2026-03-02T20:12:51+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/post-cards\/italian-bolshevism-postcard\/"},"wordCount":229,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/post-cards\/italian-bolshevism-postcard\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/119\/tempImageFWsZYk-scaled-1.avif","articleSection":["Post Cards"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/post-cards\/italian-bolshevism-postcard\/","url":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/post-cards\/italian-bolshevism-postcard\/","name":"Italian Bolshevism | Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies | Clark University","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/post-cards\/italian-bolshevism-postcard\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/post-cards\/italian-bolshevism-postcard\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/119\/tempImageFWsZYk-scaled-1.avif","datePublished":"2024-05-17T23:07:20+00:00","dateModified":"2026-03-02T20:12:51+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/#\/schema\/person\/aa36d7a8379895f0f90bcf6df29e8169"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/post-cards\/italian-bolshevism-postcard\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/post-cards\/italian-bolshevism-postcard\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/119\/tempImageFWsZYk-scaled-1.avif","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/119\/tempImageFWsZYk-scaled-1.avif","width":1750,"height":2560},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/256#breadcrumbs","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":0,"name":"ClarkU","item":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies","item":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/","name":"Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}},"fimg_url":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/119\/tempImageFWsZYk-scaled-1-700x1024.avif","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/256","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/125"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=256"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/256\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":904,"href":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/256\/revisions\/904"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/257"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=256"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=256"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.clarku.edu\/holocaust-and-genocide-studies\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=256"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}