My research focuses on the effects of climate, disturbances, and land use on mountain forest ecosystems in the U.S. and in Europe. Important recent research themes include: 1) the causes and consequences of forest disturbances such as fires and insect outbreaks, 2) the effects of climate on tree mortality and forest dieback, 3) interactions and feedbacks among forest disturbances under climatic variability, and 4) resilience and management of ecological systems in the Anthropocene. <\/p>\n
I have authored over 70 peer-reviewed articles and book chapters with coauthors from over 20 different countries on various aspects of ecology and ecosystem management. I have been widely interviewed in the popular press, have testified about my research before the United States Congress on three occasions, and work actively with governmental and nongovernmental organizations in the States and abroad. <\/p>\n
Prior to joining the Clark faculty, I was a research scientist at the University of Colorado-Boulder and at the Swiss Federal Institute of Snow and Avalanche Research (SLF) in Davos. I earned a B.S. in Environmental Resource Management and a M.S. in Ecology at Pennsylvania State University and a Ph.D. in Geography at the University of Colorado-Boulder.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":1912,"parent":0,"template":"","meta":{"cu_faculty_f180_userid":"C70174436","cu_faculty_first_name":"Dominik","cu_faculty_last_name":"Kulakowski","cu_faculty_employment_status":"Full Time","cu_faculty_rank":"Professor","cu_faculty_position":"Professor","cu_faculty_phone":"","cu_faculty_email":"dkulakowski@clarku.edu","cu_faculty_location":"","cu_faculty_about":"My research focuses on the effects of climate, disturbances, and land use on mountain forest ecosystems in the U.S. and in Europe. Important recent research themes include: 1) the causes and consequences of forest disturbances such as fires and insect outbreaks, 2) the effects of climate on tree mortality and forest dieback, 3) interactions and feedbacks among forest disturbances under climatic variability, and 4) resilience and management of ecological systems in the Anthropocene.
I have authored over 70 peer-reviewed articles and book chapters with coauthors from over 20 different countries on various aspects of ecology and ecosystem management. I have been widely interviewed in the popular press, have testified about my research before the United States Congress on three occasions, and work actively with governmental and nongovernmental organizations in the States and abroad.
Prior to joining the Clark faculty, I was a research scientist at the University of Colorado-Boulder and at the Swiss Federal Institute of Snow and Avalanche Research (SLF) in Davos. I earned a B.S. in Environmental Resource Management and a M.S. in Ecology at Pennsylvania State University and a Ph.D. in Geography at the University of Colorado-Boulder.","cu_faculty_degrees":"Ph.D. in Geography,<\/span> University of Colorado, Boulder, 2002\nM.S. in Ecology,<\/span> Pennsylvania State University, 1997\nB.S. in Environmental Resource Management,<\/span> Pennsylvania State University, 1996","cu_faculty_cv":"https:\/\/faculty180.interfolio.com\/public\/download.php?key=SDRwNCtxSUpsamxBQ213WS9ucHFuNnMwT0hzQU11b2RPQkJ2cWc3amxyUmNRdVVXTkF4MU1sdUtpdlE1MFA5cjhsQk83OUdVeTBKUWlCM0swWEtiWEFMZlVBYjB1SzNOSjNSYlR4OGNRQkU0cWQ0ekpLRmZiQ05qSFB5MTZPS3Y%3D","cu_faculty_links":"[]","cu_faculty_scholarly_interests":"","cu_faculty_scholarly_works":"[{\"activityid\":10827,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Chapters in Books\",\"Chapter Title\":\"<p><span style="font-size:12pt;">Bark Beetles and High-Severity Fires in Rocky Mountain Subalpine Forests<\\\/span><\\\/p>\",\"Book Title\":\"Mixed-high severity fires: ecosystem processes and biodiversity\",\"Series Title\":\"\",\"Year\":2024,\"Date Published\":\"\",\"Publisher\":\"Elsevier\",\"Publisher City and State\":\"San Francisco, CA\",\"Country of Publisher\":\"USA\",\"Edition\":\"\",\"Page Numbers\":\"133-162 \",\"ISSN\":\"\",\"DOI\":\"\",\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":\"\",\"Description\":\"\",\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"Manual\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":10827,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Summer\",\"year\":2024,\"termid\":\"2023\\\/05\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6},{\"id\":10827,\"status\":\"Accepted\",\"term\":\"Spring\",\"year\":2024,\"termid\":\"2023\\\/03\",\"listingorder\":4,\"completionorder\":4}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Dominik Kulakowski\",\"Thomas Veblen\"],\"sort_date\":\"2024-1-01\"},{\"activityid\":7834,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Reduced fire severity offers near-term buffer to climate-driven declines in conifer resilience across the western United States\",\"Journal Title\":\"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":2023,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":\"120\",\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":\"11\",\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":\"e2208120120\",\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":\"Increasing fire severity and warmer, drier postfire conditions are making forests in the western United States (West) vulnerable to ecological transformation. Yet, the relative importance of and interactions between these drivers of forest change remain unresolved, particularly over upcoming decades. Here, we assess how the interactive impacts of changing climate and wildfire activity influenced conifer regeneration after 334 wildfires, using a dataset of postfire conifer regeneration from 10,230 field plots. Our findings highlight declining regeneration capacity across the West over the past four decades for the eight dominant conifer species studied. Postfire regeneration is sensitive to high-severity fire, which limits seed availability, and postfire climate, which influences seedling establishment. In the near-term, projected differences in recruitment probability between low- and high-severity fire scenarios were larger than projected climate change impacts for most species, suggesting that reductions in fire severity, and resultant impacts on seed availability, could partially offset expected climate-driven declines in postfire regeneration. Across 40 to 42% of the study area, we project postfire conifer regeneration to be likely following low-severity but not high-severity fire under future climate scenarios (2031 to 2050). However, increasingly warm, dry climate conditions are projected to eventually outweigh the influence of fire severity and seed availability. The percent of the study area considered unlikely to experience conifer regeneration, regardless of fire severity, increased from 5% in 1981 to 2000 to 26 to 31% by mid-century, highlighting a limited time window over which management actions that reduce fire severity may effectively support postfire conifer regeneration.\",\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"PubMed\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":7834,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Spring\",\"year\":2023,\"termid\":\"2022\\\/03\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Kimberley T Davis\",\"Marcos D Robles\",\"Kerry B Kemp\",\"Philip E Higuera\",\"Teresa Chapman\",\"Kerry L Metlen\",\"Jamie L Peeler\",\"Kyle C Rodman\",\"Travis Woolley\",\"Robert N Addington\",\"Brian J Buma\",\"C A Cansler\",\"Michael J Case\",\"Brandon M Collins\",\"Jonathan D Coop\",\"Solomon Z Dobrowski\",\"Nathan S Gill\",\"Collin Haffey\",\"Lucas B Harris\",\"Brian J Harvey\",\"Ryan D Haugo\",\"Matthew D Hurteau\",\"Dominik Kulakowski\",\"Caitlin E Littlefield\",\"Lis A McCauley\",\"Nicholas Povak\",\"Kristen L Shive\",\"Edward Smith\",\"Jens T Stevens\",\"Camille S Stevens-Rumann\",\"Alan H Taylor\",\"Alan J Tepley\",\"Derek J N Young\",\"Robert A Andrus\",\"Mike A Battaglia\",\"Julia K Berkey\",\"Sebastian U Busby\",\"Amanda R Carlson\",\"Marin E Chambers\",\"Erich K Dodson\",\"Daniel C Donato\",\"Willia M Downing\",\"Paula J Fornwalt\",\"Jo S Halofsky\",\"Ashley Hoffman\",\"Andr\\u00e9s Holz\",\"Jose M Iniguez\",\"Meg A Krawchuk\",\"Ma R Kreider\",\"Andrew J Larson\",\"Garrett W Meigs\",\"John P Roccaforte\",\"Monica T Rother\",\"Hugh Safford\",\"Michael Schaedel\",\"Ja S Sibold\",\"Megan P Singleton\",\"Monica G Turner\",\"Alexandra K Urza\",\"Kyra D Clark-Wolf\",\"Larissa Yocom\",\"Joseph B Fontaine\",\"John L Campbell\"],\"sort_date\":\"2023-1-01\"},{\"activityid\":8036,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"FIRE-CLIMATE RELATIONSHIPS FROM LOWER MONTANE TO UPPER SUBALPINE FORESTS IN THE COLORADO ROCKY MOUNTAINS\",\"Journal Title\":null,\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":null,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":null,\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":null,\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":null,\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":null,\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"BibTeX\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":8036,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Spring\",\"year\":2023,\"termid\":\"2022\\\/03\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Thomas T Veblen\",\"Rosemary L Sherriff\",\"Jason S Sibold\",\"Tania Schoennagel\",\"Dominik Kulakowski\"],\"sort_date\":\"2023-1-01\"},{\"activityid\":8039,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Climate variability and historical spruce beetle outbreaks across northwestern Colorado\",\"Journal Title\":null,\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":null,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":null,\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":null,\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":null,\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":null,\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"BibTeX\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":8039,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Spring\",\"year\":2023,\"termid\":\"2022\\\/03\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Sarah J Hart\",\"Karen S Eisenhart\",\"Daniel Jarvis\",\"Dominik Kulakowski\",\"Thomas T Veblen\"],\"sort_date\":\"2023-1-01\"},{\"activityid\":8051,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Relative importance of climate and mountain pine beetle outbreaks on the\",\"Journal Title\":\"Journal of Wildland Fire\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":null,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":\"22\",\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":null,\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":\"256--265\",\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":null,\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"BibTeX\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":8051,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Spring\",\"year\":2023,\"termid\":\"2022\\\/03\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Nathan Mietkiewicz\",\"Dominik Kulakowski\"],\"sort_date\":\"2023-1-01\"},{\"activityid\":8065,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Repeated Mountain Pine Beetle Outbreaks Have Negligible Effects on Canopy Fuels While Enhancing Ecological Diversity\",\"Journal Title\":\"Available at SSRN 4104345\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":null,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":null,\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":null,\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":null,\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":null,\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"BibTeX\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":8065,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Spring\",\"year\":2023,\"termid\":\"2022\\\/03\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Nathan Gill\",\"Daniel Jarvis\",\"John Rogan\",\"C A Williams\",\"Dominik Kulakowski\"],\"sort_date\":\"2023-1-01\"},{\"activityid\":8066,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Centuries of Repeated Mountain Pine Beetle Outbreaks Increase Ground and Surface Fuels, But Have Negligible Effects on Canopy Fuels after Two Decades of Recovery\",\"Journal Title\":\"But Have Negligible Effects on Canopy Fuels after Two Decades of Recovery\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":null,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":null,\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":null,\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":null,\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":null,\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"BibTeX\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":8066,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Spring\",\"year\":2023,\"termid\":\"2022\\\/03\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Nathan Gill\",\"Daniel Jarvis\",\"John Rogan\",\"C A Williams\",\"Dominik Kulakowski\"],\"sort_date\":\"2023-1-01\"},{\"activityid\":8059,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Debris flows modeling using geo-environmental factors: developing hybridized deep-learning algorithms\",\"Journal Title\":\"Geocarto International\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":2022,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":\"37\",\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":\"17\",\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":\"5150--5173\",\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":null,\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"BibTeX\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":8059,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Fall\",\"year\":2022,\"termid\":\"2022\\\/01\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Yang Li\",\"Wei Chen\",\"Fatemeh Rezaie\",\"Omid Rahmati\",\"Moghaddam, Davoud Davoudi\",\"John Tiefenbacher\",\"Mahdi Panahi\",\"Moung-Jin Lee\",\"Dominik Kulakowski\",\"Bui, Dieu Tien\",\" others\"],\"sort_date\":\"2022-9-01\"},{\"activityid\":8062,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Toward the development of deep learning analyses for snow avalanche releases in mountain regions\",\"Journal Title\":\"Geocarto International\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":2022,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":\"37\",\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":\"25\",\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":\"7855--7880\",\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":null,\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"BibTeX\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":8062,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Fall\",\"year\":2022,\"termid\":\"2022\\\/01\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Yunzhi Chen\",\"Wei Chen\",\"Omid Rahmati\",\"Fatemeh Falah\",\"Dominik Kulakowski\",\"Saro Lee\",\"Fatemeh Rezaie\",\"Mahdi Panahi\",\"Aref Bahmani\",\"Hamid Darabi\",\" others\"],\"sort_date\":\"2022-9-01\"},{\"activityid\":8063,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"The Influence of Burn Severity on Post-Fire Spectral Recovery of Three Fires in the Southern Rocky Mountains\",\"Journal Title\":\"Remote Sensing\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":2022,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":\"14\",\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":\"6\",\"Page Number(s) or Number of 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Country\":null,\"Volume\":null,\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":null,\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":null,\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":null,\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"BibTeX\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":8067,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Fall\",\"year\":2022,\"termid\":\"2022\\\/01\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Kyle C Rodman\",\"Robert A Andrus\",\"Amanda R Carlson\",\"Trevor A Carter\",\"Teresa B Chapman\",\"Jonathan D Coop\",\"Paula J Fornwalt\",\"Nathan S Gill\",\"Brian J Harvey\",\"Ashley E Hoffman\",\" others\"],\"sort_date\":\"2022-9-01\"},{\"activityid\":10826,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Detecting subtle change from dense Landsat time series: case studies of mountain pine beetle and spruce beetle disturbance\",\"Journal Title\":\"Remote 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Ronald Eastman\",\"Dominik Kulakowski\"],\"sort_date\":\"2022-9-01\"},{\"activityid\":5405,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Chapters in Books\",\"Chapter Title\":\"Forests in the Anthropocene\",\"Book Title\":\"The Anthropocene\",\"Series Title\":\"\",\"Year\":2022,\"Date Published\":\"\",\"Publisher\":\"Routledge\",\"Publisher City and State\":\"\",\"Country of Publisher\":\"\",\"Edition\":\"\",\"Page Numbers\":\"\",\"ISSN\":\"ISBN: 9781032076683\",\"DOI\":\"\",\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":\"\",\"Description\":\"\",\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"Manual\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":5405,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Spring\",\"year\":2022,\"termid\":\"2021\\\/03\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"J Guz\",\"Dominik Kulakowski\"],\"sort_date\":\"2022-1-01\"},{\"activityid\":5406,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Post-fire spectral recovery of three fires in the Southern Rocky Mountains\",\"Journal Title\":\"Remote Sensing\",\"Series Title\":\"\",\"Month \\\/ Season\":\"\",\"Year\":2022,\"Publisher\":\"\",\"Publisher City and State\":\"\",\"Publisher Country\":\"\",\"Volume\":\"\",\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":\"\",\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":\"\",\"ISSN\":\"\",\"DOI\":\"DOI: 10.3390\\\/rs14061363\",\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":\"\",\"Description\":\"\",\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"Manual\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":5406,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Spring\",\"year\":2022,\"termid\":\"2021\\\/03\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"J Guz\",\"Florencia Sangermano\",\"Dominik Kulakowski\"],\"sort_date\":\"2022-1-01\"},{\"activityid\":5407,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Wildfire Controls on Land Surface Properties in Mixed Conifer and Ponderosa Pine Forests of Sierra Nevada and Klamath Mountains, Western US\",\"Journal Title\":\"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology\",\"Series Title\":\"\",\"Month \\\/ Season\":\"\",\"Year\":2022,\"Publisher\":\"\",\"Publisher City and State\":\"\",\"Publisher Country\":\"\",\"Volume\":\"\",\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":\"\",\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":\"\",\"ISSN\":\"\",\"DOI\":\"DOI: 10.1016\\\/j.agrformet.2022.108939\",\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":\"\",\"Description\":\"\",\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"Manual\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":5407,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Spring\",\"year\":2022,\"termid\":\"2021\\\/03\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"S Shrestha\",\"Christopher A. 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Wen\",\"Dominik Kulakowski\"],\"sort_date\":\"2019-9-01\"},{\"activityid\":1071,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Presentations\",\"Title of Presentation\":\"Changing drivers of the structure and dynamics of temperate mountain forests \\u2013 a North American perspective\",\"Conference \\\/ Meeting Name\":\"Temperate and Boreal Primeval Forests in the Face of Global Change Conference\",\"Location of Conference \\\/ Meeting\":\"Lviv, Ukraine\",\"Month \\\/ Season\":\"\",\"Year\":2019,\"Sponsoring Organization\":\"\",\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":\"\",\"Description\":\"\",\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"Manual\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":1071,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Fall\",\"year\":2019,\"termid\":\"2019\\\/01\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Dominik Kulakowski\"],\"sort_date\":\"2019-9-01\"},{\"activityid\":7844,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Patterns and drivers of recent disturbances across the temperate forest biome\",\"Journal Title\":\"Nature communications\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":2018,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":\"9\",\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":\"1\",\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":\"4355\",\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":\"Increasing evidence indicates that forest disturbances are changing in response to global change, yet local variability in disturbance remains high. We quantified this considerable variability and analyzed whether recent disturbance episodes around the globe were consistently driven by climate, and if human influence modulates patterns of forest disturbance. We combined remote sensing data on recent (2001-2014) disturbances with in-depth local information for 50 protected landscapes and their surroundings across the temperate biome. Disturbance patterns are highly variable, and shaped by variation in disturbance agents and traits of prevailing tree species. However, high disturbance activity is consistently linked to warmer and drier than average conditions across the globe. Disturbances in protected areas are smaller and more complex in shape compared to their surroundings affected by human land use. This signal disappears in areas with high recent natural disturbance activity, underlining the potential of climate-mediated disturbance to transform forest landscapes.\",\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"PubMed\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":7844,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Fall\",\"year\":2018,\"termid\":\"2018\\\/01\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Andreas Sommerfeld\",\"Cornelius Senf\",\"Brian Buma\",\"Anthony W D'Amato\",\"Tiphaine Despr\\u00e9s\",\"Ignacio D\\u00edaz-Hormaz\\u00e1bal\",\"Shawn Fraver\",\"L E Frelich\",\"\\u00c1lvaro G Guti\\u00e9rrez\",\"Sarah J Hart\",\"Brian J Harvey\",\"Hong S He\",\"Tom\\u00e1\\u0161 Hl\\u00e1sny\",\"Andr\\u00e9s Holz\",\"Thomas Kitzberger\",\"Dominik Kulakowski\",\"David Lindenmayer\",\"Akira S Mori\",\"J\\u00f6rg M\\u00fcller\",\"Juan Paritsis\",\"George L W Perry\",\"Scott L Stephens\",\"Miroslav Svoboda\",\"Monica G Turner\",\"Thomas T T Veblen\",\"Rupert Seidl\"],\"sort_date\":\"2018-9-01\"},{\"activityid\":8050,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Data: Pre-fire disturbance history modulates relationships between ground cover and post-fire conifer regeneration\",\"Journal Title\":null,\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":2018,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":null,\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":null,\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":null,\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":null,\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"BibTeX\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":8050,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Fall\",\"year\":2018,\"termid\":\"2018\\\/01\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Nathan Gill\",\"Dan Jarvis\",\"Tom Veblen\",\"John Rogan\",\"Dominik Kulakowski\"],\"sort_date\":\"2018-9-01\"},{\"activityid\":8052,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Assessing the interaction between mountain forests and snow avalanches at Nevados de Chill'an, Chile and its implications for ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction\",\"Journal Title\":\"Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":2018,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":\"18\",\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":\"4\",\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":\"1173--1186\",\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":null,\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"BibTeX\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":8052,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Fall\",\"year\":2018,\"termid\":\"2018\\\/01\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Alejandro Casteller\",\"Thomas H"afelfinger\",\"Donoso, Erika Cort'es\",\"Karen Podvin\",\"Dominik Kulakowski\",\"Peter Bebi\"],\"sort_date\":\"2018-9-01\"},{\"activityid\":8070,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Pre-outbreak forest conditions mediate the effects of spruce beetle outbreaks on fuels in subalpine forests of Colorado\",\"Journal Title\":\"Ecological Applications\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":2018,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":\"28\",\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":\"2\",\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":\"457--472\",\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":null,\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"BibTeX\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":8070,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Fall\",\"year\":2018,\"termid\":\"2018\\\/01\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Nathan Mietkiewicz\",\"Dominik Kulakowski\",\"Thomas T Veblen\"],\"sort_date\":\"2018-9-01\"},{\"activityid\":7849,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Large-scale disturbance legacies and the climate sensitivity of primary Picea abies forests\",\"Journal Title\":\"Global change biology\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":2018,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":\"24\",\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":\"5\",\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":\"2169-2181\",\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":\"Determining the drivers of shifting forest disturbance rates remains a pressing global change issue. Large-scale forest dynamics are commonly assumed to be climate driven, but appropriately scaled disturbance histories are rarely available to assess how disturbance legacies alter subsequent disturbance rates and the climate sensitivity of disturbance. We compiled multiple tree ring-based disturbance histories from primary Picea abies forest fragments distributed throughout five European landscapes spanning the Bohemian Forest and the Carpathian Mountains. The regional chronology includes 11,595 tree cores, with ring dates spanning the years 1750-2000, collected from 560 inventory plots in 37 stands distributed across a 1,000\\u00a0km geographic gradient, amounting to the largest disturbance chronology yet constructed in Europe. Decadal disturbance rates varied significantly through time and declined after 1920, resulting in widespread increases in canopy tree age. Approximately 75% of current canopy area recruited prior to 1900. Long-term disturbance patterns were compared to an historical drought reconstruction, and further linked to spatial variation in stand structure and contemporary disturbance patterns derived from LANDSAT imagery. Historically, decadal Palmer drought severity index minima corresponded to higher rates of canopy removal. The severity of contemporary disturbances increased with each stand's estimated time since last major disturbance, increased with mean diameter, and declined with increasing within-stand structural variability. Reconstructed spatial patterns suggest that high small-scale structural variability has historically acted to reduce large-scale susceptibility and climate sensitivity of disturbance. Reduced disturbance rates since 1920, a potential legacy of high 19th century disturbance rates, have contributed to a recent region-wide increase in disturbance susceptibility. Increasingly common high-severity disturbances throughout primary Picea forests of Central Europe should be reinterpreted in light of both legacy effects (resulting in increased susceptibility) and climate change (resulting in increased exposure to extreme events).\",\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"PubMed\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":7849,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"May\",\"year\":2018,\"termid\":\"2017\\\/04\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Jonathan S Schurman\",\"Volodymyr Trotsiuk\",\"Radek Ba\\u010de\",\"Vojt\\u011bch \\u010cada\",\"Shawn Fraver\",\"Pavel Janda\",\"Dominik Kulakowski\",\"Jana Labusova\",\"Martin Mikol\\u00e1\\u0161\",\"Thom A Nagel\",\"Rupert Seidl\",\"Michal Synek\",\"Krist\\u00fdna Svobodov\\u00e1\",\"Oleh Chaskovskyy\",\"Marius Teodosiu\",\"Miroslav Svoboda\"],\"sort_date\":\"2018-5-01\"},{\"activityid\":8041,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Abiotic disturbances in Bulgarian mountain coniferous forests--An overview\",\"Journal Title\":\"Forest Ecology and Management\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":2017,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":\"388\",\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":null,\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":\"13--28\",\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":null,\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"BibTeX\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":8041,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Fall\",\"year\":2017,\"termid\":\"2017\\\/01\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Momchil Panayotov\",\"Georgi Gogushev\",\"Evgeni Tsavkov\",\"Pepa Vasileva\",\"Nickolay Tsvetanov\",\"Dominik Kulakowski\",\"Peter Bebi\"],\"sort_date\":\"2017-9-01\"},{\"activityid\":8044,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Wind effects and regeneration in broadleaf and pine stands after hurricane Felix (2007) in Northern Nicaragua\",\"Journal Title\":\"Forest Ecology and Management\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":2017,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":\"400\",\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":null,\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":\"199--207\",\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":null,\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"BibTeX\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":8044,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Fall\",\"year\":2017,\"termid\":\"2017\\\/01\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"E Rossi\",\"I Cerda\",\"C D Oliver\",\"D Kulakowski\"],\"sort_date\":\"2017-9-01\"},{\"activityid\":8045,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Long-term change in sub-alpine forest cover, tree line and species composition in the Swiss Alps\",\"Journal Title\":\"Journal of Vegetation Science\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":2017,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":\"28\",\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":\"5\",\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":\"951--964\",\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":null,\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"BibTeX\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":8045,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Fall\",\"year\":2017,\"termid\":\"2017\\\/01\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Nathan Mietkiewicz\",\"Dominik Kulakowski\",\"John Rogan\",\"Peter Bebi\"],\"sort_date\":\"2017-9-01\"},{\"activityid\":8046,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Is initial post-disturbance regeneration indicative of longer-term trajectories?\",\"Journal Title\":\"Ecosphere\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":2017,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":\"8\",\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":\"8\",\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":\"e01924\",\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":null,\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"BibTeX\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":8046,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Fall\",\"year\":2017,\"termid\":\"2017\\\/01\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Nathan S Gill\",\"Daniel Jarvis\",\"Thomas T Veblen\",\"Steward TA Pickett\",\"Dominik Kulakowski\"],\"sort_date\":\"2017-9-01\"},{\"activityid\":8047,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Populus tremuloides seedling establishment: An underexplored vector for forest type conversion after multiple disturbances\",\"Journal Title\":\"Forest Ecology and Management\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":2017,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":\"404\",\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":null,\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":\"156--164\",\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":null,\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"BibTeX\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":8047,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Fall\",\"year\":2017,\"termid\":\"2017\\\/01\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Nathan S Gill\",\"Florencia Sangermano\",\"Brian Buma\",\"Dominik Kulakowski\"],\"sort_date\":\"2017-9-01\"},{\"activityid\":8048,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Assessing the interaction between mountain forests and natural hazards at Nevados de Chill'an, Chile, and its implications for Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction\",\"Journal Title\":\"Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":2017,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":null,\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":null,\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":null,\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":null,\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"BibTeX\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":8048,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Fall\",\"year\":2017,\"termid\":\"2017\\\/01\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Alejandro Casteller\",\"Thomas H"afelfinger\",\"E Cort'es Donoso\",\"Karen Podvin\",\"Dominik Kulakowski\",\"Peter Bebi\"],\"sort_date\":\"2017-9-01\"},{\"activityid\":8049,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Creating a buzz: insect outbreaks and disturbance interactions\",\"Journal Title\":\"Dendroecology: tree-ring analyses applied to ecological studies\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":2017,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":null,\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":null,\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":\"231--255\",\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":null,\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"BibTeX\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":8049,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Fall\",\"year\":2017,\"termid\":\"2017\\\/01\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"James H Speer\",\"Dominik Kulakowski\"],\"sort_date\":\"2017-9-01\"},{\"activityid\":7847,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"A walk on the wild side: Disturbance dynamics and the conservation and management of European mountain forest ecosystems\",\"Journal Title\":\"Forest ecology and management\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":2017,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":\"388\",\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":\"\",\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":\"120-131\",\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":\"Mountain forests are among the most important ecosystems in Europe as they support numerous ecological, hydrological, climatic, social, and economic functions. They are unique relatively natural ecosystems consisting of long-lived species in an otherwise densely populated human landscape. Despite this, centuries of intensive forest management in many of these forests have eclipsed evidence of natural processes, especially the role of disturbances in long-term forest dynamics. Recent trends of land abandonment and establishment of protected forests have coincided with a growing interest in managing forests in more natural states. At the same time, the importance of past disturbances highlighted in an emerging body of literature, and recent increasing disturbances due to climate change are challenging long-held views of dynamics in these ecosystems. Here, we synthesize aspects of this on the ecology of mountain forest ecosystems in Europe in the context of broader discussions in the field, to present a new perspective on these ecosystems and their natural disturbance regimes. Most mountain forests in Europe, for which long-term data are available, show a strong and long-term effect of not only human land use but also of natural disturbances that vary by orders of magnitude in size and frequency. Although these disturbances may kill many trees, the forests themselves have not been threatened. The relative importance of natural disturbances, land use, and climate change for ecosystem dynamics varies across space and time. Across the continent, changing climate and land use are altering forest cover, forest structure, tree demography, and natural disturbances, including fires, insect outbreaks, avalanches, and wind disturbances. Projected continued increases in forest area and biomass along with continued warming are likely to further promote forest disturbances. Episodic disturbances may foster ecosystem adaptation to the effects of ongoing and future climatic change. Increasing disturbances, along with trends of less intense land use, will promote further increases in coarse woody debris, with cascading positive effects on biodiversity, edaphic conditions, biogeochemical cycles, and increased heterogeneity across a range of spatial scales. Together, this may translate to disturbance-mediated resilience of forest landscapes and increased biodiversity, as long as climate and disturbance regimes remain within the tolerance of relevant species. Understanding ecological variability, even imperfectly, is integral to anticipating vulnerabilities and promoting ecological resilience, especially under growing uncertainty. Allowing some forests to be shaped by natural processes may be congruent with multiple goals of forest management, even in densely settled and developed countries.\",\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"PubMed\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":7847,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Spring\",\"year\":2017,\"termid\":\"2016\\\/03\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Dominik Kulakowski\",\"Rupert Seidl\",\"Jan Holeksa\",\"Timo Kuuluvainen\",\"Thom A Nagel\",\"Momchil Panayotov\",\"Miroslav Svoboda\",\"Simon Thorn\",\"Giorgio Vacchiano\",\"Cathy Whitlock\",\"Thomas Wohlgemuth\",\"Peter Bebi\"],\"sort_date\":\"2017-1-01\"},{\"activityid\":7852,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Changes of forest cover and disturbance regimes in the mountain forests of the Alps\",\"Journal Title\":\"Forest ecology and management\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":2017,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":\"388\",\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":\"\",\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":\"43-56\",\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":\"Natural disturbances, such as avalanches, snow breakage, insect outbreaks, windthrow or fires shape mountain forests globally. However, in many regions over the past centuries human activities have strongly influenced forest dynamics, especially following natural disturbances, thus limiting our understanding of natural ecological processes, particularly in densely-settled regions. In this contribution we briefly review the current understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and disturbance regimes in the mountain forests across the European Alps over the past millennia. We also quantify changes in forest cover across the entire Alps based on inventory data over the past century. Finally, using the Swiss Alps as an example, we analyze in-depth changes in forest cover and forest structure and their effect on patterns of fire and wind disturbances, based on digital historic maps from 1880, modern forest cover maps, inventory data on current forest structure, topographical data, and spatially explicit data on disturbances. This multifaceted approach presents a long-term and detailed picture of the dynamics of mountain forest ecosystems in the Alps. During pre-industrial times, natural disturbances were reduced by fire suppression and land-use, which included extraction of large amounts of biomass that decreased total forest cover. More recently, forest cover has increased again across the entire Alps (on average +4% per decade over the past 25-115 years). Live tree volume (+10% per decade) and dead tree volume (mean +59% per decade) have increased over the last 15-40 years in all regions for which data were available. In the Swiss Alps secondary forests that established after 1880 constitute approximately 43% of the forest cover. Compared to forests established previously, post-1880 forests are situated primarily on steep slopes (>30\\u00b0), have lower biomass, a more aggregated forest structure (primarily stem-exclusion stage), and have been more strongly affected by fires, but less affected by wind disturbance in the 20th century. More broadly, an increase in growing stock and expanding forest areas since the mid-19th century have - along with climatic changes - contributed to an increasing frequency and size of disturbances in the Alps. Although many areas remain intensively managed, the extent, structure, and dynamics of the forests of the Alps reflect natural drivers more strongly today than at any time in the past millennium.\",\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"PubMed\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":7852,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Spring\",\"year\":2017,\"termid\":\"2016\\\/03\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"P Bebi\",\"R Seidl\",\"R Motta\",\"M Fuhr\",\"D Firm\",\"F Krumm\",\"M Conedera\",\"C Ginzler\",\"T Wohlgemuth\",\"D Kulakowski\"],\"sort_date\":\"2017-1-01\"},{\"activityid\":7850,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Relative importance of climate and mountain pine beetle outbreaks on the occurrence of large wildfires in the western USA\",\"Journal Title\":\"Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":2016,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":\"26\",\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":\"8\",\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":\"2523-2535\",\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":\"Extensive outbreaks of bark beetles have killed trees across millions of hectares of forests and woodlands in western North America. These outbreaks have led to spirited scientific, public, and policy debates about consequential increases in fire risk, especially in the wildland-urban interface (WUI), where homes and communities are at particular risk from wildfires. At the same time, large wildfires have become more frequent across this region. Widespread expectations that outbreaks increase extent, severity, and\\\/or frequency of wildfires are based partly on visible and dramatic changes in foliar moisture content and other fuel properties following outbreaks, as well as associated modeling projections. A competing explanation is that increasing wildfires are driven primarily by climatic extremes, which are becoming more common with climate change. However, the relative importance of bark beetle outbreaks vs. climate on fire occurrence has not been empirically examined across very large areas and remains poorly understood. The most extensive outbreaks of tree-killing insects across the western United States have been of mountain pine beetle (MPB; Dendroctonus ponderosae), which have killed trees over >650,000\\u00a0km , mostly in forests dominated by lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta). We show that outbreaks of MPB in lodgepole pine forests of the western United States have been less important than climatic variability for the occurrence of large fires over the past 29\\u00a0years. In lodgepole pine forests in general, as well as those in the WUI, occurrence of large fires was determined primarily by current and antecedent high temperatures and low precipitation but was unaffected by preceding outbreaks. Trends of increasing co-occurrence of wildfires and outbreaks are due to a common climatic driver rather than interactions between these disturbances. Reducing wildfire risk hinges on addressing the underlying climatic drivers rather than treating beetle-affected forests.\",\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"PubMed\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":7850,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Fall\",\"year\":2016,\"termid\":\"2016\\\/01\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Nathan Mietkiewicz\",\"Dominik Kulakowski\"],\"sort_date\":\"2016-9-01\"},{\"activityid\":8033,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Climate extremes during high competition contribute to mortality in unmanaged self-thinning Norway spruce stands in Bulgaria\",\"Journal Title\":\"Forest Ecology and Management\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":2016,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":\"369\",\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":null,\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":\"74--88\",\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":null,\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"BibTeX\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":8033,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Fall\",\"year\":2016,\"termid\":\"2016\\\/01\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Momchil Panayotov\",\"Dominik Kulakowski\",\"Nickolay Tsvetanov\",\"Frank Krumm\",\"Ignacio Barbeito\",\"Peter Bebi\"],\"sort_date\":\"2016-9-01\"},{\"activityid\":8035,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Not only temperature: interacting drivers of treeline change in Europe\",\"Journal Title\":\"Geographia Polonica\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":2016,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":\"89\",\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":\"1\",\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":\"7--15\",\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":null,\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"BibTeX\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":8035,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Fall\",\"year\":2016,\"termid\":\"2016\\\/01\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Dominik Kulakowski\",\"Ignacio Barbeito\",\"Alejandro Casteller\",\"Ryszard J Kaczka\",\"Peter Bebi\"],\"sort_date\":\"2016-9-01\"},{\"activityid\":8040,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"The relative importance of tree and stand properties in susceptibility to spruce beetle outbreak in the mid-20th century\",\"Journal Title\":\"Ecosphere\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":2016,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher 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These outbreaks reduce plant productivity by killing trees and transfer carbon from live to dead pools where carbon is slowly emitted to the atmosphere via heterotrophic respiration which subsequently feeds back to climate change. Recent studies have begun to examine the local impacts of bark beetle outbreaks in individual stands, but the full regional carbon consequences remain undocumented for the western US. In this study, we quantify the regional carbon impacts of the bark beetle outbreaks taking place in western US forests. The work relies on a combination of postdisturbance forest regrowth trajectories derived from forest inventory data and a process-based carbon cycle model tracking decomposition, as well as aerial detection survey (ADS) data documenting the regional extent and severity of recent outbreaks. We find that biomass killed by bark beetle attacks across beetle-affected areas in western US forests from 2000 to 2009 ranges from 5 to 15\\u00a0Tg\\u00a0C\\u00a0yr(-1) and caused a reduction of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of about 6.1-9.3\\u00a0Tg\\u00a0C\\u00a0y(-1) by 2009. Uncertainties result largely from a lack of detailed surveys of the extent and severity of outbreaks, calling out a need for improved characterization across western US forests. The carbon flux legacy of 2000-2009 outbreaks will continue decades into the future (e.g., 2040-2060) as committed emissions from heterotrophic respiration of beetle-killed biomass are balanced by forest regrowth and accumulation.\",\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"PubMed\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":7845,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Summer\",\"year\":2015,\"termid\":\"2014\\\/05\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Bardan Ghimire\",\"Christopher A Williams\",\"G J Collatz\",\"Melanie Vanderhoof\",\"John Rogan\",\"Dominik Kulakowski\",\"Jeffrey G Masek\"],\"sort_date\":\"2015-1-01\"},{\"activityid\":8007,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Drought induces spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) outbreaks across northwestern Colorado\",\"Journal Title\":\"Ecology\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ 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Title\":\"Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":2010,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":\"36\",\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":\"6\",\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":\"699--708\",\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":null,\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"BibTeX\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":8017,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Fall\",\"year\":2010,\"termid\":\"2010\\\/01\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"J Rogan\",\"N Bumbarger\",\"D Kulakowski\",\"Z J Christman\",\"D M Runfola\",\"S D Blanchard\"],\"sort_date\":\"2010-9-01\"},{\"activityid\":7995,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Snow avalanche disturbances in forest ecosystems\\u2014State of research and implications for management\",\"Journal Title\":\"Forest ecology and Management\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":2009,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":\"257\",\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":\"9\",\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":\"1883--1892\",\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":null,\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"BibTeX\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":7995,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Fall\",\"year\":2009,\"termid\":\"2009\\\/01\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Peter Bebi\",\"Dominik Kulakowski\",\"Christian Rixen\"],\"sort_date\":\"2009-9-01\"},{\"activityid\":7854,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Multidecadal climate variability and climate interactions affect subalpine fire 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Interannual and multidecadal relationships between fire occurrence and the El Ni\\u00f1o Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) were examined, in addition to the effects of phase interactions among these oscillations. Fires occurred during short-term periods of significant drought and extreme cool (negative) phases of ENSO and PDO and during positive departures from mean AMO index. At longer time scales, fires exhibited 20-year periods of synchrony with the cool phase of the PDO, and 80-year periods of synchrony with extreme warm (positive) phases of the AMO. Years of combined positive AMO and negative ENSO and PDO phases represent "triple whammies" that significantly increased the occurrence of drought-induced fires. Fires were synchronous with this phase combination over 0-30 year periods and distinctly asynchronous with the opposite phase combination. Overall, because fires are synchronous at supra-annual to multidecadal time scales with warm AMO events, particularly when combined with cool ENSO and PDO phases, this suggests that we may be entering a qualitatively different fire regime in the next few decades due to the recent shift in 1998 to a likely long-term warm AMO phase. Although uncertainty remains regarding the effects of CO2-induced warming at regional scales, given the multidecadal persistence of the AMO there is mounting evidence that the recent shift to the positive phase of the AMO will promote higher fire frequencies in the region.\",\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"PubMed\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":7854,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Fall\",\"year\":2007,\"termid\":\"2007\\\/01\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Tania Schoennagel\",\"Thomas T T Veblen\",\"Dominik Kulakowski\",\"Andr\\u00e9s Holz\"],\"sort_date\":\"2007-9-01\"},{\"activityid\":7998,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"A typology of stand structure and dynamics of Quaking aspen in northwestern Colorado\",\"Journal Title\":\"Forest Ecology and Management\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ 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Season\":null,\"Year\":2007,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":\"88\",\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":\"3\",\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":\"759--769\",\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":null,\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"BibTeX\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":8069,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Fall\",\"year\":2007,\"termid\":\"2007\\\/01\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Dominik Kulakowski\",\"Thomas T Veblen\"],\"sort_date\":\"2007-9-01\"},{\"activityid\":7997,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Recent forest insect outbreaks and fire risk in Colorado forests: a brief synthesis of relevant research\",\"Journal Title\":\"Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":2006,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":null,\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":null,\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":\"24\",\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":null,\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"BibTeX\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":7997,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Fall\",\"year\":2006,\"termid\":\"2006\\\/01\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"William H Romme\",\"J Clement\",\"J Hicke\",\"D Kulakowski\",\"L H MacDonald\",\"T L Schoennagel\",\"T T Veblen\"],\"sort_date\":\"2006-9-01\"},{\"activityid\":8008,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Changes in forest structure and in the relative importance of climatic stress as a result of suppression of avalanche disturbances\",\"Journal Title\":\"Forest Ecology and Management\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":2006,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":\"223\",\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":\"1-3\",\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":\"66--74\",\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":null,\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"BibTeX\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":8008,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Fall\",\"year\":2006,\"termid\":\"2006\\\/01\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Dominik Kulakowski\",\"Christian Rixen\",\"Peter Bebi\"],\"sort_date\":\"2006-9-01\"},{\"activityid\":8011,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Influences of infrequent fire, elevation and pre-fire vegetation on the persistence of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) in the Flat Tops area, Colorado, USA\",\"Journal Title\":\"Journal of Biogeography\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":2006,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":\"33\",\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":\"8\",\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":\"1397--1413\",\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":null,\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"BibTeX\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":8011,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Fall\",\"year\":2006,\"termid\":\"2006\\\/01\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Dominik Kulakowski\",\"Thomas T Veblen\",\"Brian P Kurzel\"],\"sort_date\":\"2006-9-01\"},{\"activityid\":8014,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"The effect of fires on susceptibility of subalpine forests to a 19th century spruce beetle outbreak in western Colorado\",\"Journal Title\":\"Canadian Journal of Forest Research\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":2006,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":\"36\",\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":\"11\",\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":\"2974--2982\",\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":null,\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"BibTeX\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":8014,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Fall\",\"year\":2006,\"termid\":\"2006\\\/01\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Dominik Kulakowski\",\"Thomas T Veblen\"],\"sort_date\":\"2006-9-01\"},{\"activityid\":8030,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Historical range of variability assessment for forest vegetation of the Grand Mesa National Forest, Colorado\",\"Journal Title\":\"USDA Forest Service, Golden, CO\",\"Series Title\":null,\"Month \\\/ Season\":null,\"Year\":2006,\"Publisher\":null,\"Publisher City and State\":null,\"Publisher Country\":null,\"Volume\":null,\"Issue Number \\\/ Edition\":null,\"Page Number(s) or Number of Pages\":null,\"ISSN\":null,\"DOI\":null,\"CoAuthor\":null,\"URL\":null,\"Description\":null,\"Include description in output citation\":0,\"Origin\":\"BibTeX\"},\"facultyid\":\"C70174436\",\"status\":[{\"id\":8030,\"status\":\"Completed\\\/Published\",\"term\":\"Fall\",\"year\":2006,\"termid\":\"2006\\\/01\",\"listingorder\":6,\"completionorder\":6}],\"userid\":\"C70174436\",\"attachments\":[],\"coauthors_list\":[\"Dominik Kulakowski\",\"Thomas T Veblen\"],\"sort_date\":\"2006-9-01\"},{\"activityid\":7991,\"fields\":{\"Type\":\"Articles in Refereed Journals\",\"Title\":\"Multiple disturbance interactions and drought influence fire severity in Rocky Mountain subalpine forests\",\"Journal 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