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Bertness, Mark D. 1999.  The Ecology of Atlantic Shorelines. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.

Castro, P. and M. E. Huber. 2000.  Marine Biology fourth edition. Boston: McGraw-Hill. (235-253)

Campbell, Neil A.; Mitchell, Lawrence G.; and Reece, Jane B. Biology. 5th edition. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings, 1999 (1040-1041)

Machala, Ellen. “Littorina obtusata and Color Morphology.” http://www.clarku.edu/departments/biology/biol201/2002/Emachala. 2 December 2004.

Paterson, Ian G., Vanessa Partridge, and John Buckland-Nicks. 2001. Multiple paternity in Littorina obtusata (Gastropoda Littorinidae) revealed by Microsatellite Analyses. Biol. Bull. 200: 261-267.

Robertson, Deb. Marine Biology lecture. Clark University. Worcester, MA. 30 September. 2003.

Robertson, Deb. Marine Biology lecture. Clark University. Worcester, MA. 2 October. 2003.

Robertson, Deb. Ecology of the Atlantic Shores lecture. Clark University. Worcester, MA. 27 August 2004.

Stiling, Peter. 2002. Ecology Theories and Applications. Prentice Hall. Fourth Edition. (151-153)

Trussell, Geoffrey C. 1996. Phenotypic plasticity in an intertidal snail: The role of a common crab predator. Evolution. 50(1): 448-454.

Trussell, Geoffrey C. 2000. Phenotypic clines, plasticity, and morphological trade-offs in an intertidal snail. Evolution. 54(1): 151-166.

Trussell, Geoffrey C. 1997. Phenotypic plasticity in the foot size of an intertidal snail. Ecology. 78(4): 1033-1048.

Wilbur, Andrew K. and Robert S. Steneck. 1999. Polychromatic Patterns of Littorina obtusata on Ascophyllum nodosum: Are snails hiding in intertidal seaweed? Northeastern Naturalist. 6(3): 189-198

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