Introduction

The Rocky Intertidal Experiment

Life History

Taxonomy

Morphology

Reproduction

Works Cited

Glossary

Picture Gallery

Contact Information

Bertness, Mark D. 1999. The Ecology of Atlantic Shorelines.   

           Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates. 193, 229, 240-241

Brenchley, G.A. and J.T. Charlton. 1983. Competitive

          displacement of native mud snails by introduced

          periwinkles in New England intertidal zone.  Biological

          Bulletin.  165: 543-558.

Castro, Peter, Michael E. Huber. 2003. Marine Biology 4^th ed.

          New York: McGraw-Hill. 

Chapman, M.G., A.J. Underwood. 1992.  Foraging Behavior of

           Marine Benthic Grazers. In: John, D.M., S.J. Hawkins, and

           J.H. Price Ed.  Plant-Animal Interactions in the Marine

           Benthos. NY: Oxford Press.

Jackson, A., 2002. Littorina littorea. Common periwinkle. Marine   

           Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key

           Information Sub-programme. Plymouth: Marine Biological

           Association of the United Kingdom.  

           <http://www.marlin.ac.uk/species/Littorinalittorea.htm>

John, D.M., S.J. Hawkins, and J.H. Price Ed. 1992. Plant-Animal

            Interactions in the Marine Benthos. NY: Oxford Press.

Lerman, Matthew. 1986. Marine Biology.  California:

            Benjamin/Cummings. 

Levinton, Jeffrey S. 1995. Marine Biology; Function, Biodiversity,

            Ecology.  Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Lubchenco, Jane. 1983. Littorina and Fucus: Effects of Herbivores,

            Substratum Heterogeneity, and Plant Escapes During

            Succession.  Ecology.  65 (5):1116-1123.

Lubchenco, Jane. 1978b. Plant Species Diversity in a Marine Intertidal

            Community: Importance of Herbivore Food Preference and

            Algal Competitive Abilities.  American Naturalist.  112

            (983): 23-39.

Paterson, Ian G. Vanessa Partridge, and John Buckland-Nicks. 2001. 

            Multiple Paternity in Littorina Obtusata (Gastropoda   

            Littorinidae) Revealed by Microsatellite Analyses.  Biological

            Bulletin.  200: 261-267.

Trussell, G.C. M.O. Nicklin. 2002. Cue sensitivity, Inducible Defense

            and Trade-offs in a Marine Snail.  Ecology. 83 (6): 1635-

            1677.

Trussell, Geoffrey. 1997. Phenotypic Plasticity in the Foot Size of an

            Intertidal Snail.  Ecology. 78 (4): 1033-1048

Vadas, Sr. Robert L, and Robert W. Elner. 1992. Plant-animal

            Interactions in the North West Atlantic.  In: John, D.M., S.J.

            Hawkins, and J.H. Price Ed.  Plant-Animal Interactions in the

            Marine Benthos. NY: Oxford Press.

Wilbur, Andrew K., Robert S. Steneck.  1999.  Polychromatic 

            Patterns of Littorina Obtusata on Ascophyllum Nodosum: Are

            Snails Hiding in Intertidal Seaweed?  Northeastern

            Naturalist. 6 (3): 189-198

Williams, Gray A., and R. Seed.  1992. Interactions Between

            Macrofaunal epiphytes and Their Host Algae. In: John, D.M., 

            S.J. Hawkins, and J.H. Price Ed.  Plant-Animal Interactions in

            the Marine Benthos. NY: Oxford Press.