Sources

Bertness, Mark D. 1999. The Ecology of Atlantic Shorelines. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc, 83, 192-194, 228-229, 231.

Bertness, Mark D. et al. 2001. Marine Community Ecology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc, 48, 71, 77, 142, 460, 462.

Castro, P. and M. E. Huber. Marine Biology. Boston: McGraw-Hill; 2000. 444 p.

Hoagland, Elaine K. 1977. A Gastropod Color Polymorphism: One adaptive strategy of phenotypic variation. Biol. Bull. 152: 360-372.

Lewis, J. R., 1964. The Ecology of Rocky Shores. London The English Universities Press LTD, 12, 125, 167.

Paterson, Ian G., Vanessa Partridge, and John Buckland-Nicks. 2001. Multiple paternity in Littorina obtusata (Gastropoda Littorinidae) revealed by Microsatellite Analyses. Biol. Bull. 200: 261-267.

Pavia, Henrik and Gunilla B. Toth. 2000. Inducible chemical resistance to herbivory in the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum. Ecology. 81(11): 3212-3225.

Trussell, Geoffrey C. 1996. Phenotypic plasticity in an intertidal snail: The role of a common crab predator. Evolution. 50(1): 448-454.

Trussell, Geoffrey C. 1997. Phenotypic plasticity in the foot size of an intertidal snail. Ecology. 78(4): 1033-1048.

Trussell, Geoffrey C. 2000. Phenotypic clines, plasticity, and morphological trade-offs in an intertidal snail. Evolution. 54(1): 151-166.

Trussell, Geoffrey C. and L. David Smith. 1999. Induced defenses in response to an invading crab predator: An explanation of historical and geographic phenotypic change. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 97(5): 2123-2127.

Trussell, Geoffrey C. and Matthew O. Nicklin. 2002. Cue sensitivity, inducible defense, and trade-offs in a marine snail. Ecology. 83(6): 1635-1647.

Wares, John P. and Clifford W. Cunningham. 2001. Phylogeography and historical ecology of the north Atlantic intertidal. Evolution. 55(12): 2455-2469.

Wilbur, Andrew K. and Robert S. Steneck. 1999. Polychromatic Patterns of Littorina obtusata on Ascophyllum nodosum: Are snails hiding in intertidal seaweed? Northeastern Naturalist. 6(3): 189-198.